The answer to your question is: no. If you pick up a low res image off the internet and/or a JPG image which is damaged from compression (almost all images on WWW fit this category) then you have a fixed amount of information. There's nothing you can do to increase that amount of information.
If you print the image large enough and the pixels show, you can use interpolation to increase the pixel count. This will smooth out the pixels but it does not increase the total information content. Interpolation can also further damage the information in the image. If your software allows you to increase the res of an image, it's best to make multiple small increases rather than one large increase.
If you're scanning original work at your desktop and you have questions about what resolution to scan with, the link provided is a scalling/scan res calculator. |
Here is a link that might be useful: scan res calc