If you have a saddle valve supplying water to your refer, the small hole it makes in the water line when first installed has probably become clogged with a bit of corrosion/debris that was washing through the pipe and ended up trying to pass through that hole.
First-of-all, saddle valves are prone to this type of failure and are not approved by any plumbing code that I know of.
Secondly, until you have the saddle valve replaced by a proper 1/4 turn valve, you can try to clear the clog by turning the valve all of the way closed, run water from the cold water faucets in the area, then open the saddle valve fully and see if the immediate problem is corrected. (Hoping that closing the valve forced the debris out of the orifice and running the water washed it downstream.)

You probably got debris in the line which is now clogging it. I would pull the fridge from the wall, disconnect the line to the fridge and place it in a bucket, then open the valve and let it flush out. You probably need to replace the filter again. Also, if you can run without the filter (is there a bypass plug), use that and flush out the water lines in the fridge.