I have done temporary restorations on hardwood twice with Howard's Feed 'n Wax for furniture. Once on old parquet and once on 4-inch oak. This makes them look rich and beautiful for several months -- but in a matt kind of way, like old-fashioned oiled hardwood. I love the look, but it takes elbow grease and knee pads. And while it will repel dog pee somewhat, it won't completely seal the floors. Advantage is, there's nothing to strip off if you decide later to refinish. Link below. Truly amazing stuff. You could also try Howard's Restore A Finish, but I have never used it on floors, only furniture, where it can bring the dead back to life.

Another cheap option if you are unconcerned about looks would be to just purchase a big sheet of vinyl flooring off the roll from one of the big box stores and tack it down temporarily.

Here is a link that might be useful: Howard's products at Amazon

I'd lay down some cheap sheet vinyl. The in-stock stuff costs under $1/sf.