Exterior masonry of any kind should not continue from outside into the enclosed inside portion of the house; there should be a break containing flashing and/or waterproofing. If such a barrier has been omitted, it will most likely have to be installed. Sealant or caulking is only a temporary repair at best. There is no way to know how to solve your specific problem without seeing a detail of the indoor/outdoor condition. If there is water in contact with solid masonry or a crack it will move through it by gravity, hydrostatic pressure, or capillary action (wicking) but in a properly constructed slab, a layer of coarse gravel or crushed stone (not fine materials like sand or clay) prevents water from being wicked up to the bottom of the slab (unless there is hydrostatic pressure present). Water vapor moves through a material if the air above the slab is drier. In a properly designed slab a sheet vapor retarder is sufficient to prevent water vapor from passing through the slab. In the case of hydrostatic pressure a waterproofing layer is required below the slab. None of this is difficult; it's standard concrete construction practice in commercial construction but it appears to be often ignored by home builders.

Socks, There really aren't any home-damage consequences in not getting the glazing replaced. This is an primarily an aesthetic issue that does not really affect the window energy performance unless you had a gas-infill - then the gas is gone - or if you happen to have a LowE coating. The coating would eventually corrode due to contact with the moisture between the lites. Curious, how old are the units and who made them?

Oh, in NT's words, WHOA, HOLD THE PHONE. Your DH sounds like NT's in the beginning. You're gonna have to SHOW that man what you can do w/that glass. Right now is a good time to take it to your glass company and get them to cut it down to storage sizes. Good GRIEF, it w/fit behind a dresser or chest and he'll NEVER SEE it until you're using it on very beautiful things. That table also screams to be mosaiced. Don't BUY anything until you get into this obsession that it w/become once you nip/glue/grout your first piece. Get one at a TS and mosaic it to go above the table, then mosaic a candle shelter to join a nice little arrangement to put on the table etc. A candle shelter is anything made of glass that you can put a candle inside. DO NOT GIVE IN on keeping this glass. You have a very valuable piece of glass that you w/find all kinds of uses for once you start. GOG - lots of artists w/show you their work here, but it's taking an old window or anything w/glass already in it and gluing transparent colored glass over it to make a wonderful piece of art. I have several pieces waiting in line TBM, just can't get there yet. Here's a pic of just one example. There are several more shots in the album of ones I've made for gifts.

Hard to suggest more specifically without seeing kitchen layout, but I would reduce the glassed cabinets to accommodate the type of useful items you’ll be storing - glass is also a pain to keep clean. Having them all together is visually appealing as well. In our last home we designed something like below, but double the size and used special glass (See link). Like minded items and larger pieces made it efficient - platters, bowls, pottery, jugs, vases, extra dishes and wine glasses. Cupboards don’t have to be staged with unusable things; contents just can’t feel cluttered and messy. https://www.fabglassandmirror.com/cabinet-glass?type=textured-glass Here are some ideas and hope something would work with your kitchen