You're asking a lot, since there's a lot to it.

Maybe this will get you started. http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/dpwes/publications/basements/basements.pdf

Notice the details on the plan, which reflect many of the things that need to considered.

The single biggest requirement is for egress window(s).

See your local building/renovation authority for other specific requirements in your area.

As a licensed builder/renovator and former real estate broker, the most appalling and dangerous things I've seen are invariably found in diy basement renos. My favourite: all basement circuits wired directly into the 60 or 100 Amp mains. Or maybe the carefully crafted wooden electrical boxes....

Here is a link that might be useful: Egress Window Requirements